After graduating high school, Betty attended the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Birmingham, Alabama, the alma mater of both her parents. My mother relocated to New York because she refused to accept the oppressive racism of the Jim Crow south.

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My mother witnessed the martyrdom of her husband, Hajj Malik Shabazz, Malcolm X, on Sunday, February 21, 1965, at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City. My older sisters, Attallah, Qubilah and I were seated with our mother up front and stage right.

— Ilyasah Shabazz

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I started acting when I was in high school, started writing when I got to New York in 1975.

— Eric Bogosian

Raised by an irresponsible mother during the Great Depression in the Jim Crow south, my father was on his own from the age of 13.

— Larry Elder

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We have defeated Jim Crow, but now we have to deal with his son, James Crow Jr., esquire.

— Al Sharpton

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My father joined our party because the Democrats in Jim Crow Alabama of 1952 would not register him to vote. The Republicans did.

— Condoleezza Rice

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