We're showing for the first time that incidental emotions from one situation can exert a causal effect on economic behavior in other, ostensibly unrelated situations.

They're still an accumulation of eruptive behavior of a single volcano over time. It could be up to two weeks, based on what we know of recent eruptions.

It's the most volatile time. It's when somebody is first charged. The emotions are high.

Anger can sometimes be adaptive. We're showing for the first time that when you are in a situation that is maddening and in which anger or indignation are justifiable responses, anger is not bad for you.

The assumption, I guess, that propels this is that once you randomly test students, they'll just stop experimenting. But behavior is really complex. It doesn't always work that simply.

Analyses of facial expressions revealed that the more fear individuals displayed in response to the stressors, the higher their biological responses to stress. By contrast, the more anger and disgust (indignation) individuals displayed in response to the same stressors, the lower their responses.